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Vagal Nerve Stimulation
The vagus nerve is an important factor of the autonomic nervous system that regulates metabolic homeostasis and functions as a crucial component of the neuroendocrine-immune axis in maintaining homeostasis via its afferent and efferent pathways. Any approach that stimulates the vagus nerve, including manual or electrical stimulation, is called vagus nerve stimulation (VNS). For refractory epilepsy and treatment-resistant depression, left cervical VNS is an approved therapy. It is linked to the voice box, diaphragm, stomach, heart motor processes, and sensory functions in the ears and tongue. In the sinuses and esophagus, it is linked to both motor and sensory functions. VNS uses an instrument that looks like a pacemaker to provide regular, moderate electrical pulses to the brain via the vagus nerve. It’s vital to remember that VNS is only available to a narrow group of people with epilepsy or treatment-resistant depression.
Temporal Lobectomy
The most common type of surgery for patients with temporal lobe epilepsy is a temporal lobectomy, also known as anterior temporal lobectomy (ATL). The amygdala and hippocampus, as well as a portion of the front temporal lobe, are removed. Around 70% to 80% of the time, a temporal lobectomy results in a considerable reduction or total seizure control. However, if this treatment is conducted on the dominant hemisphere, memory and language may be harmed. Damage to the brain, bleeding (which may necessitate re-operation), blood loss (which may require transfusion), and infection are all dangers associated with open surgical procedures like ATL. Open operations also necessitate several days of hospitalization, including at least one night in an intensive care unit. Even though such treatment is costly, several studies have shown that ATL has lower mortality, morbidity, and long-term cost in patients who have failed at least two anticonvulsant medication trials than continuing medical therapy without surgical intervention.
Epilepsy Surgery
Epilepsy surgery involves removing a portion of the brain from which seizures occur. When seizures occur in a single region in the brain, epilepsy surgery is most successful. However, when at least two anti-seizure drugs have failed to control seizures, epilepsy surgery is considered a last resort. A variety of pre-surgical tests are required to assess whether you are eligible for epilepsy surgery and how the procedure is performed. When medications fail to control seizures, a condition is known as medically refractory epilepsy or drug-resistant epilepsy; epilepsy surgery may be possible. With or without the use of medicine, the purpose of epilepsy surgery is to stop or reduce the intensity of seizures.
Seizures Fits
Seizures (fits) are abnormalities in the electrical activity of the brain. These alterations can result in a wide range of symptoms or no symptoms at all. A severe seizure is marked by vigorous shaking and a lack of control. In addition, seizures can cause injury or indicate an underlying medical condition, so it’s critical to seek medical help if you have one. Seizures come in various forms, each with its own set of symptoms and intensity. The sort of seizure depends on where it starts in the brain and how far it spreads. The majority of episodes endure between 30 seconds and two minutes. An attack lasting more than five minutes is considered a medical emergency. You might be surprised to learn that seizures are more prevalent than you believe. Seizures can occur due to a stroke, a closed head injury, a meningitis infection, or another condition. However, the etiology of a seizure is frequently unknown.